Thaum lub rooj sib tham plaub ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Sib Tham Sib Tham rau Plastic Treaty, ib qho kev tshwm sim hu ua "Strengthening Global Plastic Pollution Reduction: Incorporating Implementation and Compliance into the Draft Plastic Treaty" tau muaj nyob rau hauv University of Ottawa hauv Canada.
Raws li qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig thoob ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, cov pa phem yas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov pa phem hauv hiav txwv thiab microplastics, tau qhia txog kev txhim kho tsis tuaj yeem, uas txhais tau hais tias cov teeb meem yas tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej los ntawm thoob ntiaj teb cov zej zog. Raws li xyoo 2022, lub ntiaj teb tsim tau kwv yees li 430 lab tons ntawm cov yas txhua xyoo, ntawm ob feem peb yog cov khoom siv pov tseg uas sai sai tom qab siv (OECD, 2023). Txij li thaum nruab nrab -20th caug xyoo, kev lag luam tshuaj yas tau ntsib kev loj hlob tawg, thiab los txog rau hnub tim, lub ntiaj teb tau tsim tawm kwv yees li 9.2 billion tons ntawm cov yas, ntawm 7 billion tons tau dhau los ua pov tseg.
Rau feem ntau cov teb chaws txhim kho, qhov nyuaj thiab kev lag luam tus nqi ntawm kev tuav cov pov tseg yas kom zoo tseem muaj siab, tsuas yog 8% ntawm cov pov tseg yas rov qab siv dua thiab feem ntau tau muab pov tseg lossis hlawv, nrog kwv yees li 76% ntawm cov pov tseg ncaj qha rau hauv ib puag ncig (UNEP, 2021. ). Cov qauv no tsis tau raug tswj kom zoo rau yav tom ntej, thiab yog tias tam sim no kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv cov qauv txuas ntxiv, cov khoom yas yuav nce peb zaug los ntawm 2060 (Zheng, 2024). Plastic pollution tsis tsuas yog tso siab rau thaj av ib puag ncig, tab sis marine litter yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog. Raws li kev txheeb cais, xyoo 2016, kwv yees li 9 txog 14 lab tons ntawm cov pov tseg yas nkag mus rau hauv dej ecosystems thoob ntiaj teb txhua xyoo, thiab tus lej no yuav tsum nce mus rau 23 txog 37 lab tons hauv ib xyoos los ntawm 2040. Qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm cov khib nyiab no nkag mus rau hauv dej hiav txwv. yog ib qho kev hem thawj loj rau lub neej hauv hiav txwv, ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus. Cov khoom yas pov tseg yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm cov pa phem yas. Cov qauv kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom lag luam no tso siab rau lub voj voog ntawm "kev tsim khoom sai sai sai pov tseg", nrog cov txiaj ntsig me ntsis ua tiav los ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab, ua rau muaj ntau cov pov tseg hauv ib puag ncig ntuj. Tam sim no, 36% ntawm cov yas tsim thoob ntiaj teb txhua xyoo yog siv rau ntim, nrog rau feem ntau yog pov tseg thiab ncaj qha nkag mus rau qhov chaw pov tseg lossis ib puag ncig. Cov ntaub ntawv xws li ua npuas ncauj yas, uas nyuaj rau degrade, tau dhau los ua ib qho teeb meem nyuaj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, lub zej zog thoob ntiaj teb tau siv zog ntau los daws cov teeb meem yas thoob ntiaj teb. Xyoo 2022, United Nations Environment Assembly tau tshaj tawm txoj cai lij choj kev daws teeb meem, tau tshaj tawm cov kev sib tham ntawm cov cuab yeej kev cai lij choj thoob ntiaj teb kom xaus cov pa phem thoob ntiaj teb. Lub rooj sib tham thib tsib ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Sib Tham Sib Tham (INC-5), uas yog lub hom phiaj los tsim cov cuab yeej thoob ntiaj teb kev cai lij choj ntawm cov pa phem, suav nrog cov pa phem hauv cov dej hauv hiav txwv, yuav tsum muaj nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2024, thaum kawg yuav nthuav tawm qhov tseem ceeb no. cov ntaub ntawv raug cai rau lub ntiaj teb. Cov keeb kwm ntawm kev tswj hwm cov pa phem thoob ntiaj teb tuaj yeem taug qab rov qab mus rau xyoo 1960, thaum lub zej zog thoob ntiaj teb pib saib xyuas cov pa phem ntawm dej hiav txwv los ntawm cov pov tseg yas. Xyoo 1972, London Dumping Convention xav kom cov teb chaws los ntsuas kev tiv thaiv kev pov tseg ntawm cov pov tseg yas rau hauv dej hiav txwv. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1989, Basel Convention tau muab cov pov tseg yas tso rau hauv kev tswj hwm thoob ntiaj teb, tswj kev hla kev hla ciam teb thiab pov tseg cov pov tseg yas. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, United Nations thiab ntau lub tebchaws tau maj mam ntxiv dag zog rau lawv cov kev ua hauv marine plastic pollution thiab kev tswj cov khib nyiab yas. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 2017, G20 tau tshaj tawm Marine Litter Action Plan, thiab tom qab kev hloov kho rau Basel Convention tau dhau los hauv 2019, thoob ntiaj teb cov qauv kev tswj hwm rau cov pov tseg yas tau tsim dua tshiab.
Txawm hais tias lub zej zog thoob ntiaj teb tau ua qee qhov kev nce qib hauv kev tswj hwm cov pa phem, cov kev cov nyom tseem loj heev. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev hloov pauv kev tsim thiab siv cov qauv ntawm cov yas hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim qhov kev thov rau cov khoom yas tseem muaj zog. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev rov ua dua tshiab tsis txaus thiab kev ua tiav ua rau muaj ntau cov pov tseg yas ncaj qha nkag mus rau ib puag ncig. Raws li kev txheeb xyuas los ntawm United Nations Environment Programme, ntau tshaj 60 lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb tau siv cov cai txwv tsis pub siv cov khoom yas pov tseg, tab sis kev ua tau zoo ntawm ntau lub teb chaws txoj cai tseem yuav tsum tau ua.
Tus kws sau ntawv ntseeg tias tus yuam sij rau kev tswj cov pa phem yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim kom muaj kev tswj hwm tus qauv thoob plaws hauv lub neej tag nrho, los ntawm cov khoom tsim, kev tsim khoom, kev siv pov tseg pov tseg, rau kev tswj xyuas thiab rov ua dua tshiab. Hauv kev tswj cov khib nyiab yas, yuav tsum muaj qhov tseem ceeb los txo qhov chaw, ua raws li kev rov ua dua tshiab, thiab thaum kawg ua tiav cov pov tseg zaum kawg los ntawm kev kho mob tsis zoo. Txoj kev tswj xyuas lub neej no tuaj yeem txo qhov tsim ntawm cov pov tseg yas thiab txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov pa phem rau ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg. Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb tam sim no cuam tshuam qhov kev txhawb nqa ntawm txoj kev tswj hwm no yog kev ua tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov teb chaws vim qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tsim peev txheej, thiab cov lus teb tsis zoo los ntawm kev lag luam ntiag tug vim cov nqi kev lag luam siab. Peb tos ntsoov rau INC-5 lub rooj sab laj muab kev daws teeb meem thiab tswj tau rau kev tswj hwm cov pa phem thoob ntiaj teb.
